Questions 1 – 10

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Advice on surfing holidays

Jack’s advice

●   Recommends surfing for 1   holidays in the summer

●   Need to be quite 2   

Irish surfing locations

●   County Clare

        –  Lahinch has some good quality 3   and surf schools

        –  There are famous cliffs nearby

●   County Mayo

        –  Good surf school at 4   beach

        –  Surf camp lasts for one 5   

        –  Can also explore the local 6   by kayak

Weather

●   Best month to go: 7   

●   Average temperature in summer: approx. 8   degrees

Costs

●   Equipment

        –  Wetsuit and surfboard: 9   euros per day

        –  Also advisable to hire 10   for warmth

Questions 31 – 40

Complete the notes below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Bird Migration Theory

Most birds are believed to migrate seasonally.

Hibernation theory

●   It was believed that birds hibernated underwater or buried themselves in 31   .

●   This theory was later disproved by experiments on caged birds.

Transmutation theory

●   Aristotle believed birds changed from one species into another in summer and winter.

        –  In autumn he observed that redstarts experience the loss of 32  and thought they then turned into robins.

        –  Aristotle’s assumptions were logical because the two species of birds had a similar 33   .

17th century

●   Charles Morton popularised the idea that birds fly to the 34   in winter.

Scientific developments

●   In 1822, a stork was killed in Germany which had an African spear in its 35   .

        –  previously there had been no 36   that storks migrate to Africa

●   Little was known about the 37   and journeys of migrating birds until the practice of ringing was established.

        –  It was thought large birds carried small birds on some journeys because they were considered incapable of travelling across huge 38   .

        –  Ringing depended on what is called the 39 ‘ ’ of dead birds.

●   In 1931, the first 40   to show the migration of European birds was printed.